PWR-2.5GHS-75
Mini-Circuits’ PWR-2.5GHS-75 is a low-cost compact sensor-head that turns any
ZDSS-2R5G5G-S+
Mini-Circuits’ Suspended Substrate Stripline filters offer low insertion loss by
SSG-15G-RC
Mini-Circuits SSG-15G-RC is a wideband synthesized signal generator operating over
Affordable Solutions for Testing 28 GHz 5G Devices with Your 6 GHz Lab Instrumentation
The capabilities that define the 5G wireless standard will require utilization of wider bandwidths across more regions of spectrum than any current wireless technology. 5G communications will eventually occupy multiple bands from below 6 GHz to above 60 GHz. For now, much of the development effort is divided among sub-6 GHz bands for vehicular connectivity and longer-range transmissions, and the 26, 28, 38 and 60 GHz bands for enhanced mobile broadband applications. The migration to higher frequencies and the multi-band nature of the technology pose a variety of unique challenges for designers developing 5G devices and network equipment. Significant among these is the high cost of instrumentation for test and measurement over such a wide range of frequencies.
RFS-2G42G51K0+
The RFS-2G42G51K0+ is a new generation solid-state connectorized rack-mount high-power
Frequency Modulation Fundamentals
In the 1920s, many brilliant scientists applied themselves to the study of frequency modulation (FM). One of these scientists was a communications systems theorist who worked for AT&T named John Renshaw Carson. Carson performed a comprehensive analysis of FM in his 1922 paper which yielded the Carson bandwidth rule.1 Carson was so convinced that FM was not a suitable solution to the static found in AM transmission systems that he once remarked, “Static, like the poor, will always be with us.”2
Beginning in 1923, in Columbia University’s Marcellus Hartley Research Laboratory, in the basement of Philosophy Hall, a driven genius in electronic circuitry named Edwin Howard Armstrong set out to reduce static through the use of FM. After approximately 8 years of toil, Armstrong had a brainstorm and decided to challenge the assumption that the FM transmission bandwidth had to be narrow to keep noise low. After painstakingly designing this new FM system, with as many as 100 tubes spread over several tables in the laboratory, “[Armstrong] was able to prove that wideband FM made possible a drastic reduction of noise and static.”3 Armstrong was issued patent number US1941069A, which specifically addresses noise suppression in wideband FM, on December 26, 1933, along with three additional patents for FM that same day.
The Basics of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
While traditional Frequency Division Multiplexing has been around for over 100 years, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) was first introduced by Robert W. Chang of Bell Laboratories in 1966.1,2,3,4 In OFDM, the stream of information is split between many closely-spaced, narrowband subcarriers instead of being relegated to a single wideband channel frequency.5 Single-channel modulation schemes tend to be sequential whereas, in OFDM, many bits can be sent in parallel, simultaneously, in the many subcarriers.5 So many bits can be packed onto the subcarriers simultaneously that the data rate of each subcarrier’s modulation can be much lower than that of a single-carrier architecture.
